Ever been up in the mountains, at the beach, or in a thunderstorm and suddenly felt a huge change in your mood? That’s not just a feeling of awe. It might be negative ions. Negative ions are molecules ...

Ion beam lithography is used to create fine nanostructures on a surface, such as circuit boards. It can be used to directly write on the material, rather than using a photomask, as in photolithography ...

Ion beam-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (IB-MBE) combines ion beam technology with MBE to enhance thin-film growth precision. This technique utilizes controlled energetic ions to modify physical ...

Ion exchange chromatography (IEX) is a versatile and widely used technique for separating biomolecules based on charge. It plays a critical role in protein purification in research and ...

Electroanalytical techniques use electrical quantities such as charge, current, or potential and measure their relations with chemical parameters. This field involves studying chemical reaction ...

This technique is significant in the development of advanced materials, particularly for applications in microelectronics, nanotechnology, optoelectronics, and renewable energy technologies. The ...